Extrusion Melt Fracture: Sharkskin, Stick–Slip & Gross Distortion Mechanics

In high-speed extrusion (blown film, pipe, wire coating), the rate of production is limited by the onset of flow instabilities known as melt fracture. Melt fracture causes surface defects ranging from a loss of gloss (sharkskin) to severe helical distortion of the extrudate. These defects degrade aesthetics and compromise mechanical properties. Extrusion engineers at Indian raw material producers (e.g., Reliance Industries) and packaging processors must understand the viscoelastic mechanisms behind these instabilities to design polymer processing aids (PPAs) and die profiles that prevent them.

• Classify the three primary types of melt fracture (sharkskin, stick-slip, gross distortion) by appearance and flow regime.
• Explain the role of wall shear stress ($\tau_w$) and critical shear rate in initiating instabilities.
• Analyze the mechanism of sharkskin formation due to tensile stress concentration at the die exit.
• Describe how fluoropolymer processing aids (PPAs) eliminate stick-slip melt fracture.
• Reference rheological standards and instability diagnostics.

3.1 Types of Melt Fracture

As the extrusion throughput (shear rate) increases, flow instabilities progress through three stages:

1. Sharkskin (Surface Melt Fracture): A matte finish or ridge-like surface roughness. Occurs at the die exit due to rapid stretching of the outer melt layer as it transitions from zero wall velocity to free-surface flow.
2. Stick-Slip (Spurt) Flow: Alternating smooth and rough regions on the extrudate, accompanied by pressure oscillations. Occurs inside the die land when the wall shear stress exceeds a critical limit, causing the polymer to slip and re-stick along the wall.
3. Gross Melt Fracture: Severe helical or chaotic distortion of the entire extrudate. Initiates at the die entry due to elastic vortices and unstable entry flow.

3.2 Critical Stress Limits

Melt instabilities correlate with wall shear stress $\tau_w$:

• Sharkskin onset: $\tau_{w,c} \approx 0.10 - 0.14$ MPa.
• Stick-slip onset: $\tau_{w,c} \approx 0.30 - 0.40$ MPa.

3.3 Elimination via Polymer Processing Aids (PPAs)

Fluoropolymer processing aids (PPAs, e.g., PVDF-HFP copolymers) are added at low concentrations ($200-1000$ ppm):

1. The fluoropolymer is incompatible with the polyolefin melt.
2. It migrates to the die wall due to low surface energy.
3. It coats the steel die surface, forming a low-friction layer.
4. This coating promotes controlled wall slip, lowering the wall shear stress below the critical threshold to eliminate sharkskin and stick-slip.

Problem: A capillary rheometer test is conducted on an LLDPE melt at 190°C. The capillary die has a diameter $D = 1.0$ mm and length $L = 30.0$ mm. At a flow rate $Q = 4.0 \times 10^{-8}$ m³/s, the pressure drop across the die is $\Delta P = 24.0$ MPa, and the extrudate displays sharkskin. Calculate:

1. The wall shear stress ($\tau_w$) in MPa.
2. Compare this value with the typical sharkskin critical stress threshold ($0.12$ MPa) and determine if it explains the defect.

Solution:

1. Calculate the wall shear stress $\tau_w$ using the capillary flow equation:

Interpretation: The calculated wall shear stress is 0.20 MPa. Since this exceeds the critical sharkskin threshold of 0.12 MPa, it explains the onset of surface melt fracture. The engineer should add 500 ppm of a fluoropolymer PPA or increase the die diameter to lower the wall shear stress.

Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) produces LLDPE film grades (e.g., Relene) for the packaging market. These grades are pre-compounded with fluoropolymer PPAs to allow high-speed film blowing on modern extrusion lines without the risk of sharkskin.

• Sharkskin: Surface defect caused by high tensile stresses stretching the melt at the die exit.
• Stick-Slip: Flow transition accompanied by pressure fluctuations, caused by periodic polymer slip at the die wall.
• Gross Melt Fracture: Severe structural distortion initiating at the die entry zone.
• PPA: Polymer Processing Aid; fluoropolymer additive promoting wall slip to eliminate melt fracture.
• Zeta Potential: (Not applicable, colloidal term).

1. ASTM D3835 — Standard Test Method for Determination of Properties of Polymeric Materials by Means of a Capillary Rheometer
2. ISO 11443 — Plastics — Determination of the fluidity of plastics using capillary and slit-die rheometers

1. Explain the molecular stretching mechanism that occurs at the exit edge of the die land, and why this causes sharkskin.
2. How does the molecular weight distribution (MWD) and long-chain branching (LCB) of a polymer melt affect its critical shear stress for melt fracture?
3. Sketch a typical shear stress versus shear rate curve for a polymer melt showing the stick-slip discontinuity region.

Q1. Which flow instability occurs at the die exit due to rapid stretching of the outer melt layer?

• B) Sharkskin

Q2. Stick-slip melt fracture is characterized by:

• C) Alternating smooth and rough regions on the extrudate accompanied by pressure oscillations

Q3. Fluoropolymer PPAs eliminate melt fracture by:

• B) Coating the die wall to promote slip, reducing shear stress

Q4. The typical wall shear stress threshold for the onset of sharkskin is:

• B) 0.10 to 0.14 MPa

Q5. Capillary rheometer testing of melt flow instabilities conforms to which standard?

• A) ASTM D3835 / ISO 11443