Undercut Release Mechanics: Side Cores, Angular Cam Pins, Slides & Lifters

Plastic part designs often include features like snap-fits, side holes, internal threads, or latching mechanisms that are perpendicular to the mould-opening direction. These features, called undercuts, block the part from ejecting directly. Releasing these features without destroying the part requires mechanical mechanisms built into the injection mould. Designing slides, cam pins, and lifters is a core skill for mould designers at Indian tooling firms (e.g., Godrej Tooling, Rico Auto) to supply high-precision automotive and consumer electronics moulds.

• Define internal and external undercuts and identify their typical molding release solutions.
• Explain the mechanical operation of side-action slides driven by angular cam pins.
• Solve the relationship between slide travel distance, cam pin angle, and mould opening stroke.
• Design internal lifter mechanisms, analyzing the angle limits to prevent binding.
• Reference mould building guidelines and standards.

3.1 Undercuts Classifications

• External Undercuts: Located on the outer surface of the part. Released using slides (side cores) that retract outward perpendicular to the mould-open stroke.
• Internal Undercuts: Located on the interior cavities of the part (e.g., internal snaps). Released using lifters or collapsible cores that move inward and upward during ejection.

3.2 Slide Mechanics with Angular Cam Pins

A slide assembly consists of a slide body, a wear plate, an angular cam pin, and a locking block:

• Action: During mould opening, the angled cam pin (fixed to the cavity side) pulls the slide body (on the core side) outward along guided slots.
• Locking Block: Clamps the slide body in place when the mould is closed to prevent the high pressure of the plastic melt from shifting the slide.

3.3 Kinematic Equations for Cam Pin Slides

The relationship between slide travel ($S$), mould opening stroke ($H$), and cam pin angle ($\theta$, typical range $10^\circ$ to $25^\circ$) is:

To prevent bending and wear of the cam pin, the angle $\theta$ should not exceed $25^\circ$ (usually $15^\circ$ or $20^\circ$ is preferred). The locking block angle is usually set $2^\circ$ to $5^\circ$ larger than the cam pin angle to prevent binding.

3.4 Internal Lifters

Lifters are ejector pins mounted on an angle. During ejection, as the ejector plate moves forward, the lifter slides along a guide channel, moving both forward and inward, releasing the internal undercut.

Problem: An injection moulded housing has an external clip undercut that requires a slide travel distance $S = 12.0$ mm to clear the part surface. The design uses an angular cam pin set at an angle $\theta = 20^\circ$. Calculate:

1. The minimum mould-opening stroke ($H$) required to fully retract the slide.
2. If the cam pin angle is reduced to $15^\circ$ to reduce shear load, calculate the new required mould stroke.

Solution:

1. Rearrange the slide kinematic equation to solve for $H$ at $\theta = 20^\circ$:

1. Calculate $H$ for $\theta = 15^\circ$:

Interpretation: Reducing the cam pin angle to $15^\circ$ lowers the mechanical stress on the pin, but increases the required mould opening stroke from 32.97 mm to 44.78 mm. The designer must ensure that the injection molding machine has sufficient opening stroke clearance to accommodate this movement.

Godrej Tooling (Mumbai) designs and manufactures large multi-cavity injection moulds for automotive instrument panels and consumer washing machine tubs. They utilize Moldflow analysis and kinematic simulations to verify that slide mechanisms do not interfere with the core ejection pins during high-speed production.

Toolrooms qualify guide rail wear plates (usually fabricated from self-lubricating graphite-embedded bronze alloys) to ensure reliable operation over millions of cycles.

• Undercut: Part design feature that prevents direct ejection along the mould opening axis.
• Slide (Side Core): Retractable mould insert used to release external undercuts.
• Cam Pin: Angled metal pin driving the slide body lateral movement during mould opening.
• Lifter: Angled ejector pin that moves forward and inward to release internal undercuts.
• Locking Block: High-strength block clamping the slide in place when the mould is closed.

1. HASCO Standard Component Catalog for Mould Building (industry reference)
2. DME Mould Components Specifications
3. ISO 12100 — Safety of machinery (principles for tool design and moving cores)

1. Contrast slides and lifters in terms of mechanical design, undercut type released, and relative tooling cost.
2. Explain the purpose of setting the locking block angle $2^circ$ to $5^circ$ larger than the cam pin angle. What happens if they are equal?
3. Sketch a section view of a slide assembly showing the cam pin, locking block, slide body, wear plates, and slide retainer springs.

Q1. External undercuts on an injection moulded part are typically released using which mechanism?

• B) Slides (side cores)

Q2. The kinematic formula relating slide travel ($S$), mould stroke ($H$), and cam pin angle ($\theta$) is:

• A) $S = H \cdot \tan \theta$

Q3. What is the maximum recommended angle for a cam pin to prevent bending and excessive wear?

• C) 25°

Q4. To release an internal snap-fit feature located inside a cup-like plastic housing, the designer should use a:

• C) Lifter

Q5. Which Indian group has a major commercial toolroom division manufacturing automotive slide-action moulds?

• B) Godrej & Boyce (Godrej Tooling)